Anais do XXI Seminário Internacional Nanotecnologias, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente desafios jurídicos éticos e sociais para a “grande transição sustentável” (XXI SEMINANOSOMA) 322 a) The importance of the scientific application context: In Mode 2, to a great extent science is directed towards solv- ing problems defined in a broader context than the context admitted by traditional science, whether basic or applied. Consequently, the problem solving undertaken by science in Mode 2 is also driven by specific criteria, expectations, demands and interests posed by different social actors or institutions. This implies that knowledge is disseminat- ed in a greater number of social spheres. Hence, Mode 2 speaks of socially distributed knowledge. b) Transdisciplinarity: Applied knowledge production is a factor that, to a great extent, promotes transdisciplinary knowledge production. The need to solve problems con- ditions approaches in a way that forces a new kind of or- ganisation where teams of people with diverse skills and knowledge are formed. Consequently, solutions are ex- pected to transcend disciplinary approaches. c) Heterogeneity and organisational diversity: The new dynamics of knowledge production focusing on the problems and interaction of diverse disciplines and agents brings with it the coexistence of heterogeneous organisations and, at the same time, the proliferation of new organisations ca- pable of responding to the new requirements imposed by the application context. The hegemony of scientific institutions as spaces for knowledge production is thus broken. In many cases, these new forms of organising production are not free of tensions that hinder the adoption of collaborative models7. d) Social responsibility and reflexivity: The Mode 2 attributes identified above have more interesting consequences in the context of this chapter. First, they entail greater heter- ogeneity in the different research team agent profiles: scientists, liberal professionals, technologists, policymakers, etc. The research agenda and decision-making processes are configured in a more heterogeneous space of relations and influences, i.e. the application context places the entire research process in a broader perspective, and not merely 7 A point not considered by Mode 2 theorists (Godin 1998, Shinn 2002): their avoidance of the problematisation of the conflicts that can bring about such profound changes in the mode of knowledge production, circulation and validation.
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