Anais do XXI Seminário Internacional Nanotecnologias, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente desafios jurídicos éticos e sociais para a “grande transição sustentável” (XXI SEMINANOSOMA) 326 In later work, Funtowicz and Ravetz emphasise that the PNS perspective goes beyond the limited view of normal science, and rep- resents a new conception that places scientific practice unfailingly immersed in broader and more complex contexts, [t]he shift to a post-normal mode is a critical change. The approach used by normal science to manage complex social and biophysical systems as if they were simple scientific exercises has brought us to our present mixture of intellectual triumph and socio-ecological peril. The ideas and concepts belonging to the umbrella of PNS witness the emergence of new problem-solving strategies in which the role of science is appreciated in its full context of the complexity and uncertainty of natural systems and the relevance of human commitments and values. (Funtowicz and Ravetz 2003: 1) The central component in PNS is the decision-making process and the associated problems. As can be seen in Figure 1, Funtowicz and Ravetz define a coordinate axis showing the interaction between epistemic aspects related to the uncertainties of systems, and axiological aspects referring to values at stake in decisions. The interaction between these two components defines three types of approach to problems: a) applied science, b) professional consultancy and c) PNS. Figure 1 Source: (Funtowicz and Ravetz 1993) Applied Science is the possible strategy when system uncertainty and decision risks are low. In this type of approach, uncertainties are managed at a technical level using the usual routines, tools and proce- dures in normal science. Trust in scientists is high and, though knowledge can be transferred or applied to another sphere, extrinsic crite- ria are not definitive in orienting the decision-making process guiding knowledge production. Similarly, the evaluation and certification of
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